Unopposed Oestrogen
The endometrium thickens under oestrogen and is stabilised by progesterone. When ovulation is irregular or the luteal phase is short, progesterone is insufficient and the lining builds beyond what can be shed cleanly.
This becomes especially common in perimenopause, where ovulation becomes erratic while oestrogen can still surge — the classic pattern of heavier, closer-together periods in the forties.
Structural Causes
Fibroids, adenomyosis and polyps are common and treatable, and they are the reason pelvic imaging belongs early in the workup rather than after a year of hormonal trials.
Adenomyosis in particular is underdiagnosed and typically presents as heavy bleeding with deep, dragging period pain.
The Iron Cost
Sustained heavy bleeding is the most common cause of iron deficiency in menstruating people, and ferritin falls long before haemoglobin does.
Thyroid dysfunction and bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease also belong on the list, particularly where heavy bleeding has been present since the first period.
